Issues and Challenges of Local Governance in Afghanistan: A Critical Review of the 2001–2020 Period

Abstract

This study critically examines the structural, institutional, and operational challenges that have hindered the development of effective local governance in Afghanistan during the 2001–2020 period. The problem addressed is the persistent weakness of subnational governance despite extensive international and domestic efforts. The importance of this research lies in the vital role that local government plays in service delivery, accountability, and public trust—core elements for long-term stability. The study aims to identify and analyse key barriers to establishing accountable and functional local governance. The research questions focus on identifying the main obstacles to effective local government between 2001 and 2020. Methodologically, this is a qualitative, descriptive study based entirely on secondary sources such as academic literature, policy reports, and institutional assessments. The study is confined to the (2001–2020) period and examines local governance at the provincial, district, and community levels. Findings indicate that institutional fragmentation, political interference, weak capacity, and donor-driven policy inconsistency have critically undermined decentralization efforts. The study concludes that without strategic reforms and a genuine commitment to decentralization at a local governance level, Afghanistan’s long-term local governance capacity will remain fragile.