The Analysis of the Dimensions of Torture and Ill-Treatment as an International Crime
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58342/ghalibqj.V.14.I.3.11Keywords:
crimes against humanity, human rights violations, international crime, international criminal tribunals, Rome Statute, torture and ill-treatmentAbstract
This study aims to analyze and elucidate the various dimensions of “torture and ill-treatment” as an international crime and seeks to answer the question: according to international criminal law, what criteria exist for identifying and establishing torture and ill-treatment as an international crime? The research employs a descriptive–analytical method based on library sources and the examination of legal documents, including the statutes of international criminal tribunals, the Convention against Torture, and judicial rulings. The findings indicate that torture and ill-treatment, as a form of crimes against humanity, are recognized in international legal instruments and judicial decisions, and their commission constitutes a gross violation of human rights and a disregard for human dignity. Establishing this crime as an international offense requires the fulfillment of all constituent elements of crimes against humanity. Ultimately, effective prevention and response to torture and ill-treatment require global cooperation and a comprehensive approach by the international community, including the adoption of complementary conventions and treaties and the strengthening of national and international mechanisms for the protection of human rights.
References
Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal. (1945).
Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). (1993).
Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). (1994).
Charter of the Tokyo Tribunal. (1946).
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. (1998).
Charter of the United Nations. (1945).
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. (1966).
United Nations Convention Against Torture. (1984).
United Nations Human Rights Council. (2023, August 28). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 (A/HRC/53/59). https://undocs.org/A/HRC/53/59
FIDH – International Federation for Human Rights. (2023, November). Resolution on Israel’s unfolding crime of genocide and other crimes in Gaza and against the Palestinian People. https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/fidh-resolution-israels-unfolding-crime-genocide-and-other-crimes-gaza-and-against-palestinian
United Nations International Law Commission. (1996). Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind with commentaries. Commentary on Article 18, para. 11.
Schwelb, E. (1946). Article 6(c) of the Nuremberg Charter. British Yearbook of International Law, 23, 178. See also: Clark, R. S. (1990). In Ginsburgs, G., & Kudriavtsev, K. N. (Eds.), The Nuremberg Trial and International Law (p. 177).
Graven, J. (1950). Les crimes contre l’humanité. Recueil des Cours, 76, 427.
Cassese, A. (2000). Reflections on International Criminal Law. European Journal of International Law, 11, 187.
Meron, T. (2000). International Criminalization of Internal Atrocities. American Journal of International Law, 94, 78.
Bassiouni, M. C. (1999). Crimes Against Humanity: Historical Evolution and Contemporary Application (2nd ed., p. 60). Kluwer Law International.
Osten, P. (2003). Der Tokioter Kriegsverbrecherprozess und die japanische Rechtswissenschaft.
Brand, J. T. (1949). The Tokyo War Crimes Trial. Oregon Law Review, 28, 93.
Jagusch, H. (1949). Süddeutsche Juristenzeitung, Column 620;
Lange, R. (1948). Süddeutsche Juristenzeitung, Column 655;
Meyrowitz, H. (1960). La répression des crimes contre l’humanité par les tribunaux allemands, 213.
Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation. (1993). Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation (Vols. 1 & 2).
Prosecutor v. Duško Tadić, Case No. IT-94-1-T, Judgment (May 7, 1997), International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.
Prosecutor v. Radoslav Blaškić, Case No. IT-95-14-T, Judgment (March 3, 2000), International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.
Prosecutor v. Kupreškić et al., Case No. IT-95-16-T, Judgment (January 14, 2000), International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.
Prosecutor v. Goran Jelisić, Case No. IT-95-15-T, Judgment (December 14, 1999), International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.
BBC Persian. (n.d.). آیا اسرائیل مرتکب نسلکشی شده است؟ https://www.bbc.com/persian/articles/czdly9dngleo
Deutsche Welle Persian. (n.d.). گزارش دویچهوله درباره رویدادهای خاورمیانه. https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/%D8%AF/a-70844772
Radio Farda. (2023, June). UN court beefs up convictions of Milosevic aides in final Yugoslav case. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/un-court-beefs-up-convictions-of-milosevic-aides-in-final-yugoslav-case/32437361.html
Wikipedia contributors. (n.d.). شکنجه و آثار آن. https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%87_%D9%88_%D8%A2%D8%
IRNA. (n.d.). جزئیات تکاندهنده از موارد نقض حقوق بشر در زندانها. https://www.irna.ir/news/84999611
VOA Dari. (2023, March). ICRC says Guantanamo detainees display symptoms of accelerated ageing. https://www.darivoa.com/a/icrc-says-guantanamo-detainees-display-symptoms-of-accelerated-ageing/7061814.html
BBC Persian. (2013, February). نگاهی به شرایط بازداشتگاه گوانتانامو. https://www.bbc.com/persian/news/story/2013/02/printable/060209_w-kf-guantanamo
Mashregh News. (n.d.). روایت رسانهای از وضعیت حقوق بشر. https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/135070
IRNA. (n.d.). گزارش خبری از نقض حقوق بشر. https://www.irna.ir/x3r5dH
OHCHR. (n.d.). Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading
OHCHR. (n.d.). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (Homepage). https://www.ohchr.org/en/onchr_homepage
Wikifeqh. (n.d.). ممنوعیت شکنجه (حقوق جزا). https://fa.wikifeqh.ir/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9
Pourbafrani, Hassan. (2021). International Criminal Law. Tehran: Jangal Publications. [In Persian]
Amid, Hassan. (1983). Amid Persian Dictionary. Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications. [In Persian]
Kriang Sak, Keit Siaizri. (2004). International Criminal Law. (Trans. Behnam Yousifian & Mohammad Esmaeili). Tehran: SAMT Publications. [In Persian]
Hosseini Akbarnajad, Haleh. (2024). Determining the Gross Violation of Human Rights and the Commission of International Crimes against the People of Gaza before and after October 7 in the Practice of Human Rights Institutions. Political Studies of the Islamic World, 1(49), 139–167. https://doi.org/10.30479/psiw.2024.20080.3315 [In Persian]
Seyrafi, Sasan. (2008). Persecution as a Crime against Humanity. Master’s Thesis, International Law, University of Tehran, Faculty of Law and Political Science. https://elmnet.ir/vslgg?id=10466284-41111 [In Persian]
Werle, Gerhard. (2008). Crimes against Humanity in Contemporary International Law. (Trans. Amirsaed Vakil). International Legal Journal, (39), 59–100. https://doi.org/10.22066/cilamag.2010.17384 [In Persian]
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 محسن قدیر،علیمحمد اختیاری
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
